um number of action to include in claim.
	 * @param \DateTime $before_date Jobs must be schedule before this date. Defaults to now.
	 * @param array     $hooks Hooks to filter for.
	 * @param string    $group Group to filter for.
	 *
	 * @return ActionScheduler_ActionClaim
	 */
	public function stake_claim( $max_actions = 10, \DateTime $before_date = null, $hooks = array(), $group = '' ) {
		$claim_id = $this->generate_claim_id();

		$this->claim_before_date = $before_date;
		$this->claim_actions( $claim_id, $max_actions, $before_date, $hooks, $group );
		$action_ids              = $this->find_actions_by_claim_id( $claim_id );
		$this->claim_before_date = null;

		return new ActionScheduler_ActionClaim( $claim_id, $action_ids );
	}

	/**
	 * Generate a new action claim.
	 *
	 * @return int Claim ID.
	 */
	protected function generate_claim_id() {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;
		$now = as_get_datetime_object();
		$wpdb->insert( $wpdb->actionscheduler_claims, array( 'date_created_gmt' => $now->format( 'Y-m-d H:i:s' ) ) );

		return $wpdb->insert_id;
	}

	/**
	 * Set a claim filter.
	 *
	 * @param string $filter_name Claim filter name.
	 * @param mixed $filter_values Values to filter.
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function set_claim_filter( $filter_name, $filter_values ) {
		if ( isset( $this->claim_filters[ $filter_name ] ) ) {
			$this->claim_filters[ $filter_name ] = $filter_values;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Get the claim filter value.
	 *
	 * @param string $filter_name Claim filter name.
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function get_claim_filter( $filter_name ) {
		if ( isset( $this->claim_filters[ $filter_name ] ) ) {
			return $this->claim_filters[ $filter_name ];
		}

		return '';
	}

	/**
	 * Mark actions claimed.
	 *
	 * @param string    $claim_id Claim Id.
	 * @param int       $limit Number of action to include in claim.
	 * @param \DateTime $before_date Should use UTC timezone.
	 * @param array     $hooks Hooks to filter for.
	 * @param string    $group Group to filter for.
	 *
	 * @return int The number of actions that were claimed.
	 * @throws \InvalidArgumentException Throws InvalidArgumentException if group doesn't exist.
	 * @throws \RuntimeException Throws RuntimeException if unable to claim action.
	 */
	protected function claim_actions( $claim_id, $limit, \DateTime $before_date = null, $hooks = array(), $group = '' ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;

		$now    = as_get_datetime_object();
		$date   = is_null( $before_date ) ? $now : clone $before_date;
		// can't use $wpdb->update() because of the <= condition.
		$update = "UPDATE {$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions} SET claim_id=%d, last_attempt_gmt=%s, last_attempt_local=%s";
		$params = array(
			$claim_id,
			$now->format( 'Y-m-d H:i:s' ),
			current_time( 'mysql' ),
		);

		// Set claim filters.
		if ( ! empty( $hooks ) ) {
			$this->set_claim_filter( 'hooks', $hooks );
		} else {
			$hooks = $this->get_claim_filter( 'hooks' );
		}
		if ( ! empty( $group ) ) {
			$this->set_claim_filter( 'group', $group );
		} else {
			$group = $this->get_claim_filter( 'group' );
		}

		$where    = 'WHERE claim_id = 0 AND scheduled_date_gmt <= %s AND status=%s';
		$params[] = $date->format( 'Y-m-d H:i:s' );
		$params[] = self::STATUS_PENDING;

		if ( ! empty( $hooks ) ) {
			$placeholders = array_fill( 0, count( $hooks ), '%s' );
			$where        .= ' AND hook IN (' . join( ', ', $placeholders ) . ')';
			$params       = array_merge( $params, array_values( $hooks ) );
		}

		$group_operator = 'IN';
		if ( empty( $group ) ) {
			$group = $this->get_claim_filter( 'exclude-groups' );
			$group_operator = 'NOT IN';
		}

		if ( ! empty( $group ) ) {
			$group_ids = $this->get_group_ids( $group, false );

			// throw exception if no matching group(s) found, this matches ActionScheduler_wpPostStore's behaviour.
			if ( empty( $group_ids ) ) {
				throw new InvalidArgumentException(
					sprintf(
						/* translators: %s: group name(s) */
						_n(
							'The group "%s" does not exist.',
							'The groups "%s" do not exist.',
							is_array( $group ) ? count( $group ) : 1,
							'action-scheduler'
						),
						$group
					)
				);
			}

			$id_list = implode( ',', array_map( 'intval', $group_ids ) );
			$where   .= " AND group_id {$group_operator} ( $id_list )";
		}

		/**
		 * Sets the order-by clause used in the action claim query.
		 *
		 * @since 3.4.0
		 *
		 * @param string $order_by_sql
		 */
		$order    = apply_filters( 'action_scheduler_claim_actions_order_by', 'ORDER BY priority ASC, attempts ASC, scheduled_date_gmt ASC, action_id ASC' );
		$params[] = $limit;

		$sql           = $wpdb->prepare( "{$update} {$where} {$order} LIMIT %d", $params ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared, WordPress.DB.PreparedSQLPlaceholders
		$rows_affected = $wpdb->query( $sql ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared, WordPress.DB.DirectDatabaseQuery.DirectQuery, WordPress.DB.DirectDatabaseQuery.NoCaching
		if ( false === $rows_affected ) {
			$error = empty( $wpdb->last_error )
				? _x( 'unknown', 'database error', 'action-scheduler' )
				: $wpdb->last_error;

			throw new \RuntimeException(
				sprintf(
					/* translators: %s database error. */
					__( 'Unable to claim actions. Database error: %s.', 'action-scheduler' ),
					$error
				)
			);
		}

		return (int) $rows_affected;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the number of active claims.
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function get_claim_count() {
		global $wpdb;

		$sql = "SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT claim_id) FROM {$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions} WHERE claim_id != 0 AND status IN ( %s, %s)";
		$sql = $wpdb->prepare( $sql, array( self::STATUS_PENDING, self::STATUS_RUNNING ) ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared

		return (int) $wpdb->get_var( $sql ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
	}

	/**
	 * Return an action's claim ID, as stored in the claim_id column.
	 *
	 * @param string $action_id Action ID.
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function get_claim_id( $action_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;

		$sql = "SELECT claim_id FROM {$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions} WHERE action_id=%d";
		$sql = $wpdb->prepare( $sql, $action_id ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared

		return (int) $wpdb->get_var( $sql ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve the action IDs of action in a claim.
	 *
	 * @param  int $claim_id Claim ID.
	 * @return int[]
	 */
	public function find_actions_by_claim_id( $claim_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;

		$action_ids  = array();
		$before_date = isset( $this->claim_before_date ) ? $this->claim_before_date : as_get_datetime_object();
		$cut_off     = $before_date->format( 'Y-m-d H:i:s' );

		$sql = $wpdb->prepare(
			"SELECT action_id, scheduled_date_gmt FROM {$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions} WHERE claim_id = %d ORDER BY priority ASC, attempts ASC, scheduled_date_gmt ASC, action_id ASC",
			$claim_id
		);

		// Verify that the scheduled date for each action is within the expected bounds (in some unusual
		// cases, we cannot depend on MySQL to honor all of the WHERE conditions we specify).
		foreach ( $wpdb->get_results( $sql ) as $claimed_action ) { // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
			if ( $claimed_action->scheduled_date_gmt <= $cut_off ) {
				$action_ids[] = absint( $claimed_action->action_id );
			}
		}

		return $action_ids;
	}

	/**
	 * Release actions from a claim and delete the claim.
	 *
	 * @param ActionScheduler_ActionClaim $claim Claim object.
	 */
	public function release_claim( ActionScheduler_ActionClaim $claim ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;
		/**
		 * Deadlock warning: This function modifies actions to release them from claims that have been processed. Earlier, we used to it in a atomic query, i.e. we would update all actions belonging to a particular claim_id with claim_id = 0.
		 * While this was functionally correct, it would cause deadlock, since this update query will hold a lock on the claim_id_.. index on the action table.
		 * This allowed the possibility of a race condition, where the claimer query is also running at the same time, then the claimer query will also try to acquire a lock on the claim_id_.. index, and in this case if claim release query has already progressed to the point of acquiring the lock, but have not updated yet, it would cause a deadlock.
		 *
		 * We resolve this by getting all the actions_id that we want to release claim from in a separate query, and then releasing the claim on each of them. This way, our lock is acquired on the action_id index instead of the claim_id index. Note that the lock on claim_id will still be acquired, but it will only when we actually make the update, rather than when we select the actions.
		 */
		$action_ids = $wpdb->get_col( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT action_id FROM {$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions} WHERE claim_id = %d", $claim->get_id() ) );

		$row_updates = 0;
		if ( count( $action_ids ) > 0 ) {
			$action_id_string = implode( ',', array_map( 'absint', $action_ids ) );
			$row_updates      = $wpdb->query( "UPDATE {$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions} SET claim_id = 0 WHERE action_id IN ({$action_id_string})" ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared
		}

		$wpdb->delete( $wpdb->actionscheduler_claims, array( 'claim_id' => $claim->get_id() ), array( '%d' ) );

		if ( $row_updates < count( $action_ids ) ) {
			throw new RuntimeException(
				sprintf(
					// translators: %d is an id.
					__( 'Unable to release actions from claim id %d.', 'action-scheduler' ),
					$claim->get_id()
				)
			);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Remove the claim from an action.
	 *
	 * @param int $action_id Action ID.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function unclaim_action( $action_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;
		$wpdb->update(
			$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions,
			array( 'claim_id' => 0 ),
			array( 'action_id' => $action_id ),
			array( '%s' ),
			array( '%d' )
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Mark an action as failed.
	 *
	 * @param int $action_id Action ID.
	 * @throws \InvalidArgumentException Throw an exception if action was not updated.
	 */
	public function mark_failure( $action_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;
		$updated = $wpdb->update(
			$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions,
			array( 'status' => self::STATUS_FAILED ),
			array( 'action_id' => $action_id ),
			array( '%s' ),
			array( '%d' )
		);
		if ( empty( $updated ) ) {
			/* translators: %s is the action ID */
			throw new \InvalidArgumentException( sprintf( __( 'Unidentified action %s: we were unable to mark this action as having failed. It may may have been deleted by another process.', 'action-scheduler' ), $action_id ) );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Add execution message to action log.
	 *
	 * @throws Exception If the action status cannot be updated to self::STATUS_RUNNING ('in-progress').
	 *
	 * @param int $action_id Action ID.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function log_execution( $action_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;

		$sql = "UPDATE {$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions} SET attempts = attempts+1, status=%s, last_attempt_gmt = %s, last_attempt_local = %s WHERE action_id = %d";
		$sql = $wpdb->prepare( $sql, self::STATUS_RUNNING, current_time( 'mysql', true ), current_time( 'mysql' ), $action_id ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared

		// phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
		$status_updated = $wpdb->query( $sql );

		if ( ! $status_updated ) {
			throw new Exception(
				sprintf(
					/* translators: 1: action ID. 2: status slug. */
					__( 'Unable to update the status of action %1$d to %2$s.', 'action-scheduler' ),
					$action_id,
					self::STATUS_RUNNING
				)
			);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Mark an action as complete.
	 *
	 * @param int $action_id Action ID.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 * @throws \InvalidArgumentException Throw an exception if action was not updated.
	 */
	public function mark_complete( $action_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;
		$updated = $wpdb->update(
			$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions,
			array(
				'status'             => self::STATUS_COMPLETE,
				'last_attempt_gmt'   => current_time( 'mysql', true ),
				'last_attempt_local' => current_time( 'mysql' ),
			),
			array( 'action_id' => $action_id ),
			array( '%s' ),
			array( '%d' )
		);
		if ( empty( $updated ) ) {
			/* translators: %s is the action ID */
			throw new \InvalidArgumentException( sprintf( __( 'Unidentified action %s: we were unable to mark this action as having completed. It may may have been deleted by another process.', 'action-scheduler' ), $action_id ) );
		}

		/**
		 * Fires after a scheduled action has been completed.
		 *
		 * @since 3.4.2
		 *
		 * @param int $action_id Action ID.
		 */
		do_action( 'action_scheduler_completed_action', $action_id );
	}

	/**
	 * Get an action's status.
	 *
	 * @param int $action_id Action ID.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 * @throws \InvalidArgumentException Throw an exception if not status was found for action_id.
	 * @throws \RuntimeException Throw an exception if action status could not be retrieved.
	 */
	public function get_status( $action_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;
		$sql    = "SELECT status FROM {$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions} WHERE action_id=%d";
		$sql    = $wpdb->prepare( $sql, $action_id ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
		$status = $wpdb->get_var( $sql ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared

		if ( null === $status ) {
			throw new \InvalidArgumentException( __( 'Invalid action ID. No status found.', 'action-scheduler' ) );
		} elseif ( empty( $status ) ) {
			throw new \RuntimeException( __( 'Unknown status found for action.', 'action-scheduler' ) );
		} else {
			return $status;
		}
	}
}